======= GALE =======


== Gene Information ==
  * **<color #00a2e8>Official Symbol</color>**: GALE
  * **<color #00a2e8>Official Name</color>**: UDP-galactose-4-epimerase
  * **<color #00a2e8>Aliases and Previous Symbols</color>**: N/A
  * **<color #00a2e8>Entrez ID</color>**: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=2582|2582]]
  * **<color #00a2e8>UniProt</color>**: [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q14376|Q14376]]
  * **<color #00a2e8>Interactions</color>**: [[https://thebiogrid.org/search.php?search=GALE&organism=9606|BioGRID]]
  * **<color #00a2e8>PubMed articles</color>**: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=gene%20GALE|Open PubMed]]
  * **<color #00a2e8>OMIM</color>**: [[https://omim.org/entry/606953|Open OMIM]]

== Function Summary ==
  * **<color #00a2e8>Entrez Summary</color>**:  This gene encodes UDP-galactose-4-epimerase which catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose, and the epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine. The bifunctional nature of the enzyme has the important metabolic consequence that mutant cells (or individuals) are dependent not only on exogenous galactose, but also on exogenous N-acetylgalactosamine as a necessary precursor for the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Mutations in this gene result in epimerase-deficiency galactosemia, also referred to as galactosemia type 3, a disease characterized by liver damage, early-onset cataracts, deafness and cognitive disability, with symptoms ranging from mild ('peripheral' form) to severe ('generalized' form). Multiple alternatively spliced transcripts encoding the same protein have been identified. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]. 
  * **<color #00a2e8>UniProt Summary</color>**:  Catalyzes two distinct but analogous reactions: the reversible epimerization of UDP-glucose to UDP-galactose and the reversible epimerization of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-N- acetylgalactosamine. The reaction with UDP-Gal plays a critical role in the Leloir pathway of galactose catabolism in which galactose is converted to the glycolytic intermediate glucose 6- phosphate. It contributes to the catabolism of dietary galactose and enables the endogenous biosynthesis of both UDP-Gal and UDP- GalNAc when exogenous sources are limited. Both UDP-sugar interconversions are important in the synthesis of glycoproteins and glycolipids. {ECO:0000269|PubMed:22654673, ECO:0000303|PubMed:23732289}.

<button type='primary' size='sm' modal='Pfam_Domains'>Pfam Domains</button>
<button type='primary' size='sm' modal='GO_terms'>GO Terms</button>


<modal id='Pfam_Domains' size='lg' title='Pfam Domains'>
|KR|
|Epimerase|
|Polysacc synt 2|
|NAD binding 4|
|RmlD sub bind|
|adh short|
|3Beta HSD|
</modal>

<modal id='GO_terms' size='lg' title='GO Terms'>
|UDP-glucose 4-epimerase activity|
|UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 4-epimerase activity|
|galactose catabolic process via UDP-galactose|
|galactose catabolic process|
|galactose metabolic process|
|hexose catabolic process|
|monosaccharide catabolic process|
|carbohydrate catabolic process|
|hexose metabolic process|
|monosaccharide metabolic process|
|small molecule catabolic process|
|carbohydrate metabolic process|
|protein homodimerization activity|
|identical protein binding|
|small molecule metabolic process|
|organic substance catabolic process|
</modal>
\\

 === CRISPR Data ===
<button type='primary' size='small' modal='Compound_Hit'>Compound Hit</button>
<button type='default' size='small' modal='Most_Correlated_Genes'>Most Correlated Genes in Chemogenomics</button>
<button type='primary' size='small' modal='Essential_Avana'>Tissues where Essential in the Avana Dataset (DepMap 20Q1)</button>

<modal id='Compound_Hit' size='lg' title='Compound Hit'>
^Screen^Score^
|[[:results:exp506|Momordin-Ic 10μM R08 exp506]]|-2.46|
|[[:results:exp452|Azithromycin 100μM R08 exp452]]|-1.94|
|[[:results:exp434|Vemurafenib 6.6μM R08 exp434]]|-1.87|
|[[:results:exp191|Hypoxia 5%O2 R04 exp191]]|1.74|
|[[:results:exp282|Fluvastatin 2.2μM R06 exp282]]|1.87|
|[[:results:exp122|Golgicide-A 4μM R03 exp122]]|1.98|
|[[:results:exp420|Tunicamycin 0.04 to 0.125μM  on day4 R07 exp420]]|2.5|
|[[:results:exp419|Tunicamycin 0.04 to 0.075μM  on day4 R07 exp419]]|3.17|
|[[:results:exp418|Tunicamycin 0.04μM R07 exp418]]|3.18|
</modal>

<modal id='Most_Correlated_Genes' size='lg' title='Most Correlated Genes in Chemogenomics'>
No correlation found to any other genes in chemogenomics.
</modal>

<modal id='Essential_Avana' size='lg' title='Tissues where Essential in the Avana Dataset (DepMap 20Q1)'>
Global Fraction of Cell Lines Where Essential: 1/739
^Tissue^Fraction Of Cell Lines Where Essential^
|1290807.0|0/1|
|909776.0|0/1|
|bile duct|0/28|
|blood|0/28|
|bone|0/26|
|breast|0/33|
|central nervous system|0/56|
|cervix|0/4|
|colorectal|0/17|
|esophagus|0/13|
|fibroblast|0/1|
|gastric|0/16|
|kidney|0/21|
|liver|0/20|
|lung|0/75|
|lymphocyte|1/16|
|ovary|0/26|
|pancreas|0/24|
|peripheral nervous system|0/16|
|plasma cell|0/15|
|prostate|0/1|
|skin|0/24|
|soft tissue|0/9|
|thyroid|0/2|
|upper aerodigestive|0/22|
|urinary tract|0/29|
|uterus|0/5|
</modal>

== Essentiality in NALM6  ==
    * **<color #00a2e8>Essentiality Rank</color>**: 3910
    * **<color #00a2e8>Expression level (log2 read counts)</color>**: 4.15 
<button type='primary' size='small' modal='Dist_expr'>Expression Distribution</button>
<modal id='Dist_expr' size='lg' title='GALE Expression in NALM6 Cells: 4.15'>
{{:chemogenomics:nalm6 dist.png?nolink |}}
</modal>