======= LEP =======
== Gene Information ==
* **Official Symbol**: LEP
* **Official Name**: leptin
* **Aliases and Previous Symbols**: N/A
* **Entrez ID**: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/?term=3952|3952]]
* **UniProt**: [[https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P41159|P41159]]
* **Interactions**: [[https://thebiogrid.org/search.php?search=LEP&organism=9606|BioGRID]]
* **PubMed articles**: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=gene%20LEP|Open PubMed]]
* **OMIM**: [[https://omim.org/entry/164160|Open OMIM]]
== Function Summary ==
* **Entrez Summary**: This gene encodes a protein that is secreted by white adipocytes into the circulation and plays a major role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Circulating leptin binds to the leptin receptor in the brain, which activates downstream signaling pathways that inhibit feeding and promote energy expenditure. This protein also has several endocrine functions, and is involved in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis, reproduction, bone formation and wound healing. Mutations in this gene and its regulatory regions cause severe obesity and morbid obesity with hypogonadism in human patients. A mutation in this gene has also been linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus development. [provided by RefSeq, Aug 2017].
* **UniProt Summary**: Key player in the regulation of energy balance and body weight control. Once released into the circulation, has central and peripheral effects by binding LEPR, found in many tissues, which results in the activation of several major signaling pathways (PubMed:17344214, PubMed:15899045, PubMed:19688109). In the hypothalamus, acts as an appetite-regulating factor that induces a decrease in food intake and an increase in energy consumption by inducing anorexinogenic factors and suppressing orexigenic neuropeptides, also regulates bone mass and secretion of hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal hormones. In the periphery, increases basal metabolism, influences reproductive function, regulates pancreatic beta-cell function and insulin secretion, is pro-angiogenic for endothelial cell and affects innate and adaptive immunity (By similarity) (PubMed:8589726, PubMed:11460888, PubMed:19688109, PubMed:24340098, PubMed:25060689). In the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, activates by depolarization POMC neurons inducing FOS and SOCS3 expression to release anorexigenic peptides and inhibits by hyperpolarization NPY neurons inducing SOCS3 with a consequent reduction on release of orexigenic peptides (By similarity). In addition to its known satiety inducing effect, has a modulatory role in nutrient absorption. In the intestine, reduces glucose absorption by enterocytes by activating PKC and leading to a sequential activation of p38, PI3K and ERK signaling pathways which exerts an inhibitory effect on glucose absorption (PubMed:24340098). Acts as a growth factor on certain tissues, through the activation of different signaling pathways increases expression of genes involved in cell cycle regulation such as CCND1, via JAK2-STAT3 pathway, or VEGFA, via MAPK1/3 and PI3K-AKT1 pathways (By similarity) (PubMed:17344214). May also play an apoptotic role via JAK2-STAT3 pathway and up-regulation of BIRC5 expression (PubMed:18242580). Pro-angiogenic, has mitogenic activity on vascular endothelial cells and plays a role in matrix remodeling by regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) (PubMed:11460888). In innate immunity, modulates the activity and function of neutrophils by increasing chemotaxis and the secretion of oxygen radicals. Increases phagocytosis by macrophages and enhances secretion of pro- inflammatory mediators. Increases cytotoxic ability of NK cells (PubMed:12504075). Plays a pro-inflammatory role, in synergy with IL1B, by inducing NOS2 wich promotes the production of IL6, IL8 and Prostaglandin E2, through a signaling pathway that involves JAK2, PI3K, MAP2K1/MEK1 and MAPK14/p38 (PubMed:15899045, PubMed:19688109). In adaptive immunity, promotes the switch of memory T-cells towards T helper-1 cell immune responses (By similarity). Increases CD4(+)CD25(-) T-cell proliferation and reduces autophagy during TCR (T-cell receptor) stimulation, through MTOR signaling pathway activation and BCL2 up-regulation (PubMed:25060689). {ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P41160, ECO:0000250|UniProtKB:P50596, ECO:0000269|PubMed:11460888, ECO:0000269|PubMed:12504075, ECO:0000269|PubMed:15899045, ECO:0000269|PubMed:17344214, ECO:0000269|PubMed:18242580, ECO:0000269|PubMed:19688109, ECO:0000269|PubMed:24340098, ECO:0000269|PubMed:25060689, ECO:0000269|PubMed:8589726, ECO:0000305|PubMed:15122202, ECO:0000305|PubMed:25232147}.
|Leptin|
|positive regulation of fat cell apoptotic process|
|negative regulation of glutamine transport|
|cellular response to L-ascorbic acid|
|activation of protein kinase C activity|
|regulation of lipoprotein lipid oxidation|
|regulation of lipoprotein oxidation|
|regulation of glutamine transport|
|regulation of fat cell apoptotic process|
|prostaglandin secretion|
|negative regulation of appetite by leptin-mediated signaling pathway|
|interleukin-6 secretion|
|interleukin-8 secretion|
|positive regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation|
|interleukin-12 production|
|positive regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion|
|response to L-ascorbic acid|
|elastin metabolic process|
|glycerol biosynthetic process|
|negative regulation of glucagon secretion|
|regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion|
|positive regulation of follicle-stimulating hormone secretion|
|bone mineralization involved in bone maturation|
|alditol biosynthetic process|
|prostaglandin transport|
|regulation of hepatic stellate cell activation|
|negative regulation of vasoconstriction|
|regulation of intestinal cholesterol absorption|
|regulation of luteinizing hormone secretion|
|regulation of intestinal lipid absorption|
|positive regulation of gonadotropin secretion|
|interleukin-8 production|
|tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein|
|positive regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway|
|ovulation from ovarian follicle|
|regulation of natural killer cell proliferation|
|regulation of glucagon secretion|
|regulation of intestinal absorption|
|adult feeding behavior|
|negative regulation of amino acid transport|
|leptin-mediated signaling pathway|
|peptide hormone receptor binding|
|interleukin-6 production|
|regulation of gonadotropin secretion|
|response to vitamin E|
|negative regulation of glucose import|
|regulation of lipoprotein metabolic process|
|negative regulation of appetite|
|negative regulation of response to food|
|regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway|
|ossification involved in bone maturation|
|negative regulation of response to nutrient levels|
|negative regulation of response to extracellular stimulus|
|regulation of brown fat cell differentiation|
|bone maturation|
|negative regulation of glucose transmembrane transport|
|determination of adult lifespan|
|leukocyte tethering or rolling|
|cellular response to leptin stimulus|
|ovulation|
|negative regulation of lipid storage|
|regulation of response to food|
|leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cell|
|negative regulation of organic acid transport|
|animal organ maturation|
|glycerol metabolic process|
|positive regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway|
|response to leptin|
|regulation of appetite|
|alditol metabolic process|
|cellular response to vitamin|
|positive regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus|
|regulation of response to nutrient levels|
|negative regulation of amine transport|
|regulation of response to extracellular stimulus|
|icosanoid secretion|
|positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade|
|response to dietary excess|
|negative regulation of cartilage development|
|negative regulation of anion transport|
|eating behavior|
|cardiac muscle hypertrophy|
|striated muscle hypertrophy|
|fatty acid derivative transport|
|regulation of amino acid transport|
|icosanoid transport|
|regulation of natural killer cell activation|
|intestinal absorption|
|muscle hypertrophy|
|negative regulation of blood circulation|
|multicellular organism aging|
|adipose tissue development|
|positive regulation of protein import into nucleus|
|bile acid metabolic process|
|receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT|
|receptor signaling pathway via STAT|
|cellular extravasation|
|positive regulation of protein import|
|positive regulation of TOR signaling|
|insulin secretion|
|regulation of digestive system process|
|regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response|
|negative regulation of lipid localization|
|regulation of p38MAPK cascade|
|ovulation cycle process|
|regulation of natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity|
|regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity|
|regulation of endocrine process|
|regulation of gluconeogenesis|
|regulation of lipid storage|
|regulation of natural killer cell mediated immunity|
|regulation of cholesterol transport|
|bone growth|
|negative regulation of peptide hormone secretion|
|regulation of sterol transport|
|bone mineralization|
|cytokine secretion|
|regulation of bone remodeling|
|leukocyte cell-cell adhesion|
|aorta development|
|regulation of monooxygenase activity|
|regulation of protein import into nucleus|
|regulation of glucose import|
|fatty acid beta-oxidation|
|positive regulation of blood vessel diameter|
|regulation of vasoconstriction|
|regulation of protein import|
|peptide hormone secretion|
|regulation of organic acid transport|
|polyol biosynthetic process|
|cellular carbohydrate biosynthetic process|
|negative regulation of hormone secretion|
|energy reserve metabolic process|
|positive regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport|
|regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway|
|response to activity|
|ovulation cycle|
|cellular response to nutrient|
|positive regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein|
|cellular response to retinoic acid|
|regulation of cartilage development|
|cellular response to monosaccharide stimulus|
|hormone secretion|
|regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus|
|fatty acid transport|
|digestive system process|
|regulation of glucose transmembrane transport|
|regulation of tissue remodeling|
|positive regulation of protein localization to nucleus|
|fatty acid oxidation|
|regulation of leukocyte mediated cytotoxicity|
|lipid oxidation|
|regulation of tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT protein|
|acid secretion|
|central nervous system neuron development|
|cellular response to carbohydrate stimulus|
|hormone transport|
|negative regulation of autophagy|
|positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT|
|feeding behavior|
|positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor production|
|positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling|
|artery development|
|response to vitamin|
|regulation of steroid biosynthetic process|
|female gonad development|
|positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production|
|positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT|
|biomineral tissue development|
|biomineralization|
|development of primary female sexual characteristics|
|regulation of amine transport|
|fatty acid catabolic process|
|positive regulation of T cell proliferation|
|regulation of carbohydrate biosynthetic process|
|regulation of oxidoreductase activity|
|positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process|
|regulation of anion transport|
|organ growth|
|positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis|
|hormone activity|
|regulation of cell killing|
|regulation of TOR signaling|
|regulation of nucleocytoplasmic transport|
|female sex differentiation|
|regulation of lipid transport|
|response to retinoic acid|
|polyol metabolic process|
|digestion|
|alcohol biosynthetic process|
|regulation of glucose metabolic process|
|glucose metabolic process|
|regulation of steroid metabolic process|
|negative regulation of transmembrane transport|
|regulation of protein localization to nucleus|
|monocarboxylic acid catabolic process|
|cholesterol metabolic process|
|regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling|
|regulation of fat cell differentiation|
|carbohydrate biosynthetic process|
|response to ethanol|
|positive regulation of hormone secretion|
|secondary alcohol metabolic process|
|regulation of endothelial cell proliferation|
|female gamete generation|
|regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT|
|positive regulation of lymphocyte proliferation|
|positive regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation|
|sterol metabolic process|
|regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT|
|anatomical structure maturation|
|T cell differentiation|
|response to estradiol|
|positive regulation of leukocyte proliferation|
|monocarboxylic acid transport|
|regulation of lipid localization|
|negative regulation of peptide secretion|
|regulation of tube diameter|
|regulation of cellular carbohydrate metabolic process|
|regulation of blood vessel diameter|
|regulation of tube size|
|circadian rhythm|
|peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation|
|regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis|
|adult behavior|
|peptidyl-tyrosine modification|
|negative regulation of ion transport|
|regulation of tumor necrosis factor production|
|response to monosaccharide|
|regulation of lymphocyte mediated immunity|
|cytokine production|
|placenta development|
|regulation of tumor necrosis factor superfamily cytokine production|
|positive regulation of intracellular protein transport|
|regulation of T cell proliferation|
|hexose metabolic process|
|protein secretion|
|establishment of protein localization to extracellular region|
|positive regulation of protein kinase B signaling|
|protein localization to extracellular region|
|positive regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade|
|positive regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade|
|vascular process in circulatory system|
|signal release|
|cellular carbohydrate metabolic process|
|positive regulation of developmental growth|
|response to carbohydrate|
|peptide secretion|
|regulation of insulin secretion|
|central nervous system neuron differentiation|
|regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process|
|female pregnancy|
|regulation of blood pressure|
|glucose homeostasis|
|organic hydroxy compound biosynthetic process|
|carbohydrate homeostasis|
|regulation of lipid biosynthetic process|
|positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation|
|cellular lipid catabolic process|
|monosaccharide metabolic process|
|bone development|
|lipid modification|
|hormone metabolic process|
|positive regulation of T cell activation|
|negative regulation of secretion by cell|
|regulation of carbohydrate metabolic process|
|regulation of leukocyte mediated immunity|
|positive regulation of intracellular transport|
|regulation of lymphocyte proliferation|
|cellular response to acid chemical|
|regulation of peptide hormone secretion|
|gonad development|
|regulation of mononuclear cell proliferation|
|multi-multicellular organism process|
|response to nutrient|
|positive regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion|
|development of primary sexual characteristics|
|regulation of protein kinase B signaling|
|regulation of leukocyte proliferation|
|connective tissue development|
|response to insulin|
|regulation of intracellular protein transport|
|negative regulation of secretion|
|response to alcohol|
|cellular response to nutrient levels|
|regulation of stress-activated MAPK cascade|
|energy derivation by oxidation of organic compounds|
|T cell activation|
|regulation of stress-activated protein kinase signaling cascade|
|lymphocyte differentiation|
|developmental maturation|
|negative regulation of cellular catabolic process|
|regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation|
|positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion|
|positive regulation of growth|
|steroid metabolic process|
|ossification|
|cellular response to extracellular stimulus|
|sex differentiation|
|carboxylic acid catabolic process|
|organic acid catabolic process|
|regulation of hormone secretion|
|positive regulation of ion transport|
|rhythmic process|
|aging|
|regulation of angiogenesis|
|regulation of blood circulation|
|organic acid transport|
|carboxylic acid transport|
|regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion|
|lipid transport|
|lipid catabolic process|
|muscle system process|
|response to antibiotic|
|negative regulation of catabolic process|
|angiogenesis|
|regulation of T cell activation|
|alcohol metabolic process|
|regulation of vasculature development|
|lipid localization|
|fatty acid metabolic process|
|positive regulation of cellular protein localization|
|activation of protein kinase activity|
|regulation of developmental growth|
|phagocytosis|
|leukocyte differentiation|
|regulation of autophagy|
|regulation of epithelial cell proliferation|
|cellular response to external stimulus|
|regulation of inflammatory response|
|response to hypoxia|
|response to acid chemical|
|regulation of intracellular transport|
|response to decreased oxygen levels|
|positive regulation of lymphocyte activation|
|negative regulation of response to external stimulus|
|leukocyte migration|
|response to oxygen levels|
|lymphocyte activation|
|glycoprotein metabolic process|
|developmental growth|
|blood circulation|
|response to peptide hormone|
|growth|
|regulation of lipid metabolic process|
|circulatory system process|
|regulation of cell-cell adhesion|
|positive regulation of leukocyte activation|
|positive regulation of cell adhesion|
|positive regulation of secretion by cell|
|blood vessel morphogenesis|
|positive regulation of cell activation|
|generation of precursor metabolites and energy|
|reproductive structure development|
|positive regulation of protein transport|
|regulation of small molecule metabolic process|
|reproductive system development|
|positive regulation of secretion|
|small molecule catabolic process|
|positive regulation of cytokine production|
|regulation of innate immune response|
|organic hydroxy compound metabolic process|
|organic anion transport|
|positive regulation of establishment of protein localization|
|regulation of protein secretion|
|regulation of immune effector process|
|response to peptide|
|carbohydrate metabolic process|
|negative regulation of transport|
|blood vessel development|
|regulation of peptide secretion|
|skeletal system development|
|response to nutrient levels|
|cell-cell adhesion|
|response to toxic substance|
|vasculature development|
|regulation of lymphocyte activation|
|regulation of anatomical structure size|
|cardiovascular system development|
|cellular response to lipid|
|regulation of response to biotic stimulus|
|monocarboxylic acid metabolic process|
|response to extracellular stimulus|
|positive regulation of protein kinase activity|
|regulation of hormone levels|
|regulation of cellular protein localization|
|positive regulation of MAPK cascade|
|hemopoiesis|
|regulation of transmembrane transport|
|behavior|
|positive regulation of kinase activity|
|anion transport|
|small molecule biosynthetic process|
|regulation of system process|
|regulation of leukocyte activation|
|cellular response to hormone stimulus|
|hematopoietic or lymphoid organ development|
|regulation of cell activation|
|positive regulation of apoptotic process|
|positive regulation of programmed cell death|
|immune system development|
|tube morphogenesis|
|positive regulation of transferase activity|
|developmental process involved in reproduction|
|regulation of growth|
|cytokine-mediated signaling pathway|
|regulation of cell adhesion|
|gamete generation|
|regulation of cytokine production|
|positive regulation of cell death|
|regulation of ion transport|
|regulation of protein transport|
|regulation of cellular response to stress|
|regulation of peptide transport|
|regulation of establishment of protein localization|
|regulation of secretion by cell|
|regulation of MAPK cascade|
|regulation of defense response|
|regulation of multi-organism process|
|regulation of protein kinase activity|
|regulation of secretion|
|neuron development|
|multicellular organismal reproductive process|
|sexual reproduction|
|regulation of cellular catabolic process|
|multicellular organism reproduction|
|tube development|
|response to lipid|
|negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II|
|circulatory system development|
|regulation of kinase activity|
|peptidyl-amino acid modification|
|negative regulation of apoptotic process|
|anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis|
|negative regulation of programmed cell death|
|response to hormone|
|carboxylic acid metabolic process|
|regulation of cellular localization|
|positive regulation of cell population proliferation|
|response to organic cyclic compound|
|leukocyte activation|
|cell adhesion|
|biological adhesion|
|negative regulation of developmental process|
|cellular lipid metabolic process|
|oxidation-reduction process|
|cell migration|
|protein phosphorylation|
|regulation of transferase activity|
|central nervous system development|
|positive regulation of transport|
|regulation of catabolic process|
|multi-organism reproductive process|
|negative regulation of cell death|
|response to organonitrogen compound|
|oxoacid metabolic process|
|secretion by cell|
|cellular response to cytokine stimulus|
|neuron differentiation|
|positive regulation of protein phosphorylation|
|response to drug|
|positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction|
|organic acid metabolic process|
|carbohydrate derivative metabolic process|
|regulation of protein localization|
|export from cell|
|cellular response to oxygen-containing compound|
|positive regulation of phosphorylation|
|regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis|
|cell activation|
|localization of cell|
|cell motility|
|response to nitrogen compound|
|regulation of response to external stimulus|
|response to cytokine|
|chemical homeostasis|
|cell-cell signaling|
|secretion|
|positive regulation of phosphate metabolic process|
|positive regulation of phosphorus metabolic process|
|positive regulation of immune system process|
|regulation of immune response|
|response to abiotic stimulus|
|regulation of cell cycle|
|negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated|
|negative regulation of multicellular organismal process|
|lipid metabolic process|
|cellular response to endogenous stimulus|
|positive regulation of protein modification process|
|negative regulation of nucleic acid-templated transcription|
|negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process|
|phosphorylation|
|locomotion|
|negative regulation of RNA metabolic process|
|negative regulation of cell communication|
|negative regulation of signaling|
|positive regulation of developmental process|
|ion transport|
|negative regulation of cellular macromolecule biosynthetic process|
|reproductive process|
|reproduction|
|positive regulation of catalytic activity|
|negative regulation of nucleobase-containing compound metabolic process|
|regulation of protein phosphorylation|
|negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process|
|response to endogenous stimulus|
|regulation of response to stress|
|protein transport|
|negative regulation of cellular biosynthetic process|
|generation of neurons|
|peptide transport|
|regulation of apoptotic process|
|negative regulation of biosynthetic process|
|movement of cell or subcellular component|
|response to oxygen-containing compound|
|regulation of programmed cell death|
|amide transport|
|regulation of phosphorylation|
|extracellular space|
|positive regulation of cellular protein metabolic process|
|establishment of protein localization|
|regulation of cell population proliferation|
|negative regulation of response to stimulus|
|neurogenesis|
|homeostatic process|
|cell development|
|positive regulation of signal transduction|
|regulation of immune system process|
|regulation of cell death|
|intracellular signal transduction|
|positive regulation of protein metabolic process|
|negative regulation of gene expression|
|positive regulation of multicellular organismal process|
|small molecule metabolic process|
|tissue development|
|organic substance catabolic process|
|positive regulation of molecular function|
|regulation of phosphate metabolic process|
|regulation of phosphorus metabolic process|
|cellular catabolic process|
|regulation of cell differentiation|
|positive regulation of cell communication|
|positive regulation of signaling|
|regulation of intracellular signal transduction|
|regulation of protein modification process|
|nitrogen compound transport|
|regulation of transport|
|extracellular region|
|vesicle-mediated transport|
|system process|
\\
=== CRISPR Data ===
No hits were found.
No correlation found to any other genes in chemogenomics.
Global Fraction of Cell Lines Where Essential: 0/739
^Tissue^Fraction Of Cell Lines Where Essential^
|1290807.0|0/1|
|909776.0|0/1|
|bile duct|0/28|
|blood|0/28|
|bone|0/26|
|breast|0/33|
|central nervous system|0/56|
|cervix|0/4|
|colorectal|0/17|
|esophagus|0/13|
|fibroblast|0/1|
|gastric|0/16|
|kidney|0/21|
|liver|0/20|
|lung|0/75|
|lymphocyte|0/16|
|ovary|0/26|
|pancreas|0/24|
|peripheral nervous system|0/16|
|plasma cell|0/15|
|prostate|0/1|
|skin|0/24|
|soft tissue|0/9|
|thyroid|0/2|
|upper aerodigestive|0/22|
|urinary tract|0/29|
|uterus|0/5|
== Essentiality in NALM6 ==
* **Essentiality Rank**: 7877
* **Expression level (log2 read counts)**: 0.41
{{:chemogenomics:nalm6 dist.png?nolink |}}